Vroom 1964 Expectancy Theory Pdf Editor
ADVERTISEMENTS:Read this article to learn about Vroom’s Expectancy Model of motivation!Vroom’s expectancy theory comes under the process theory category. Vroom’s theory is also known as Valence Instrumentality Expectancy or VIE theory of motivation.
According to the theory the individual behaviour is a function of the outcomes an individual receives for the work and the value thereof to him.There are levels of outcomes i.e. First level, second level outcomes etc. And these levels of outcomes are connected with different levels of behaviour.
Vrooms Model Of Expectancy Theory
The importance of the outcome differs from individual to individual. The valency or strength of an individual’s perception for an outcome may be highly valued for one person but the same may be negative or zero to another. ADVERTISEMENTS:The motivation is a product of three variables: Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy: 1. Valence:Valence means the power or degree of preferring an outcome. Valence may be zero, positive or negative i.e. It may range from -1 to +1.
Zero valences refer to an individual remaining indifferent to the outcome. Outcome means the result or consequence. Positive valence is an indication of strong preference to the outcome while the negative valence speaks for weak preference to the outcome. Positive valence is necessary for motivation.
Instrumentality:The second variable is instrumentality which means that the first level outcome will become instrumental in attaining second level outcome. It means that the first level outcome will be a means to have second level outcome.An employee working at the lower level would work hard and improve his performance in the hope of getting promotion. Here improving the performance is the first level outcome which serves as the means for obtaining promotion to the higher position i.e. Second level outcome. The instrumentality cannot be negative. It varies from 0 to +1.
ADVERTISEMENTS:If an employee feels there is strong relationship between better performance and promotion, the degree of instrumentality shall be high. It may be low if an employee does not see any relationship between better performance and promotion to the higher position. Expectancy:Expectancy is the third variable refers to the state of expecting i.e. The effort will lead to fulfilment of a goal. Expectancy is the probability or an estimation of performance attained through the spirited efforts put by an individual.
The degree of expectancy also ranges from 0 to 1 and it cannot be negative.The degree of motivation will be high if all the three variables, viz, valance, instrumentality and expectancy are high and motivation will be low if all or any two of the variables are low, and motivation will be moderate if any one of the three variables is low and other two are high.The diagram given below illustrates the theory:The management of the organisation must follow certain guidelines to motivate its employees:1. Establish clear cut relationship between performance and outcome. Make it known to all the employees in an organisation. Let them think and make anticipations about their career and future for people do not always give weight age to the unsatisfied needs.2.
Implications Of Vroom's Expectancy Theory
Develop multiple reward systems that provide a number of attractive and feasible outcomes. Employees shall get attracted towards them and improve their performance.3. Create an environment that employees shall prefer to obtain the rewards offered to them i.e. To generate an atmosphere of expectancies to build up motivation at work.
Employees should be provided adequate training so that they can perform their jobs successfully. It will build up their confidence boost up their morale. It is essential to increase the standard of performance which will be instrumental in attaining personal as well as organizational goals.5. Finally, employees are human beings and therefore the managers must treat them with respect.
It is essential to maintain human dignity and Vroom’s theory honours it.Vroom’s theory has provided a conceptual framework of motivation. It does not specify what motivates the workers at work. The theory is an important contribution towards understanding complex organisational behaviour.